Matrix essentially 2D array।

Common tasks:

Transpose
Rotate
Spiral traversal
Search
Multiplication
Neighbour traversal

Transpose

Original:

1 2 3
4 5 6

Transpose:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Mathematically:

$$A_{ij}^{T} = A_{ji}$$

Python:

matrix = [
    [1, 2, 3],
    [4, 5, 6]
]

transposed = list(map(list, zip(*matrix)))